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The "Arsenal of Democracy" in World War II was a slogan used by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. The announcement was made a year before the Attack on Pearl Harbor, at a time when Germany had occupied much of Europe and threatened Britain. Germany was allied with Italy and Japan (the Axis powers). At the time, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression treaty under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and had jointly invaded Poland in 1939, a deal that remained until the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Roosevelt's address was "a call to arm and support" the Allies in Europe, and to a lesser extent China, in their all-out war against Germany and Japan. "The great arsenal of democracy" came to specifically reference America and its industrial machine, as the primary military supplier for the Allied war effort. "Arsenal of democracy" does not refer to a single city, but to the collective efforts of American industry in supporting the Allies. These efforts tended to be concentrated in established industrial centers, including Chicago, Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh, but also many other cities across the nation.〔Hooks, Gregory and Leonard E. Bloomquist. "The Legacy of World War II for Regional Growth and Decline: The Cumulative Effects of Wartime Investments on U.S. Manufacturing, 1947-1972." Social Forces, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Dec.,1992), pp. 303-337. Note: See especially the discussion surrounding the table on page 308.〕 ==Origins of the phrase== In 1918, Doubleday executive Herbert S. Houston analyzed World War I with an article titled "Blocking New Wars". He wrote that American business was the "Protector of Democracy" while the American free press was "one of the most effective weapons in the arsenal of democracy." The concept of America as an actual arsenal came from the American playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood, who was quoted in the May 12, 1940 ''New York Times'' as saying "this country is already, in effect, an arsenal for the democratic Allies."〔Gould, Jack (May 12, 1940). The Broadway Stage Has Its First War Play. ''The New York Times''. Quoting Robert Emmet Sherwood, "this country is already, in effect, an arsenal for the democratic Allies."〕 Although the French economist Jean Monnet had used the phrase later in 1940, he was urged by Felix Frankfurter not to use it again so Roosevelt could make use of it in his speeches.〔Robinson, Charles K. (October 13, 1961) (''Time Magazine'' ). Retrieved on June 6, 2008.〕〔Jean Monnet, ''Memoirs'' (London: Collins, 1978), p. 160.〕 Franklin Roosevelt has since been credited with the phrase.〔Barnett, Richard. 1983. The Alliance: America, Europe, Japan, Makers of the Postwar World.〕 The phrase was suggested by top Roosevelt advisor Harry Hopkins. Yet another account has it that Roosevelt borrowed the phrase from Detroit auto executive William S. Knudsen, who was tapped by Roosevelt to lead the United States' war materiel production efforts.〔Herman, Arthur. "The Arsenal of Democracy: How Detroit turned industrial might into military power during World War II." The Detroit News. 3 Jan 2013. http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130103/OPINION01/301030336〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「arsenal of democracy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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